1. Menenepolymertaimakon sarrafawa? Menene aikinsa?
Amsa: Ƙarin sinadarai ne daban-daban na taimako waɗanda ke buƙatar a ƙara su a wasu kayayyaki da kayayyaki a cikin samarwa ko sarrafa su don inganta hanyoyin samarwa da haɓaka aikin samfura. A cikin tsarin sarrafa resins da robar da ba ta da amfani zuwa samfuran filastik da roba, ana buƙatar sinadarai daban-daban na taimako.
Aiki: ① Inganta aikin polymers, inganta yanayin sarrafawa, da kuma gabatar da ingancin sarrafawa; ② Inganta aikin samfura, haɓaka ƙimar su da tsawon rayuwarsu.
2. Menene jituwa tsakanin abubuwan ƙari da polymers? Menene ma'anar fesawa da gumi?
Amsa: Feshi na polymerization - hazo na ƙarin abubuwa masu ƙarfi; Gumi - hazo na ƙarin abubuwa masu ruwa.
Daidaituwa tsakanin ƙari da polymers yana nufin ikon da ƙarin abubuwa da polymers ke da shi na haɗuwa gaba ɗaya na dogon lokaci ba tare da samar da rabuwar lokaci da hazo ba;
3. Menene aikin masu yin filastik?
Amsa: Rage haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙwayoyin polymer, wanda aka sani da ƙarfin van der Waals, yana ƙara motsi na sarƙoƙin polymer kuma yana rage yawan lu'ulu'unsu.
4. Me yasa polystyrene ke da juriya ga iskar shaka fiye da polypropylene?
Amsa: An maye gurbin H mara ƙarfi da babban rukunin phenyl, kuma dalilin da yasa PS ba ya saurin tsufa shine zoben benzene yana da tasirin kariya akan H; PP yana ɗauke da sinadarin hydrogen na uku kuma yana iya tsufa.
5. Menene dalilan da ke haifar da dumamar PVC mara ƙarfi?
Amsa: ① Tsarin sarkar kwayoyin halitta ya ƙunshi ragowar masu farawa da allyl chloride, waɗanda ke kunna ƙungiyoyin aiki. Haɗin rukuni biyu na ƙarshe yana rage kwanciyar hankali na zafi; ② Tasirin iskar oxygen yana hanzarta cire HCL yayin lalacewar zafi na PVC; ③ HCl da amsawar ta samar yana da tasirin catalytic akan lalacewar PVC; ④ Tasirin yawan plasticizer.
6. Dangane da sakamakon bincike na yanzu, menene manyan ayyukan masu daidaita zafi?
Amsa: ① Shake da kuma rage tasirin HCL, hana tasirinsa na atomatik na catalytic; ② Sauya atom ɗin allyl chloride marasa ƙarfi a cikin ƙwayoyin PVC don hana fitar HCl; ③ Ƙara halayen da tsarin polyene ke haifarwa yana kawo cikas ga samuwar manyan tsarin haɗin gwiwa da rage launi; ④ Kama free radicals da hana halayen iskar shaka; ⑤ Neutralization ko passivation na ƙarfe ions ko wasu abubuwa masu cutarwa waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewa; ⑥ Yana da tasiri mai kariya, kariya, da rauni akan hasken ultraviolet.
7. Me yasa hasken ultraviolet shine mafi illa ga polymers?
Amsa: Raƙuman ultraviolet suna da tsayi kuma suna da ƙarfi, suna karya yawancin haɗin sinadarai na polymer.
8. Wane irin tsarin haɗin gwiwa ne mai hana harshen wuta na intumescent yake, kuma menene ƙa'idarsa da aikinsa na asali?
Amsa: Masu hana harshen wuta masu haske suna cikin tsarin haɗin phosphorus nitrogen.
Tsarin aiki: Idan aka dumama polymer ɗin da ke ɗauke da na'urar hana ƙonewa, za a iya samar da wani Layer na kumfa mai kama da na carbon a saman sa. Layer ɗin yana da kyakkyawan hana ƙonewa saboda hana zafi, keɓewar iskar oxygen, hana hayaki da kuma hana digo.
9. Menene ma'aunin iskar oxygen, kuma menene alaƙar da ke tsakanin girman ma'aunin iskar oxygen da kuma jinkirin harshen wuta?
Amsa: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, inda O2 shine ƙimar kwararar iskar oxygen; N2: ƙimar kwararar nitrogen. Ma'aunin iskar oxygen yana nufin mafi ƙarancin adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata a cikin iskar oxygen mai haɗuwa da nitrogen lokacin da wani samfurin takamaiman zai iya ƙonewa akai-akai da kuma a hankali kamar kyandir. OI<21 yana da wuta, OI shine 22-25 tare da halayen kashe kansa, 26-27 yana da wahalar ƙonewa, kuma sama da 28 yana da matuƙar wahalar ƙonewa.
10. Ta yaya tsarin hana wuta na antimony halide ke nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa?
Amsa: Ana amfani da Sb2O3 sosai don antimony, yayin da ake amfani da halides na halitta don halides. Ana amfani da Sb2O3/injini tare da halides galibi saboda hulɗarsa da halide na hydrogen da halides ke fitarwa.
Kuma samfurin yana narkewa ta hanyar zafi zuwa SbCl3, wanda iskar gas ce mai saurin canzawa tare da ƙarancin tafasa. Wannan iskar gas tana da yawan da ya dace kuma tana iya zama a yankin ƙonewa na dogon lokaci don rage iskar gas mai ƙonewa, ware iska, da kuma taka rawa wajen toshe olefins; Na biyu, tana iya kama ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙonewa don kashe harshen wuta. Bugu da ƙari, SbCl3 yana taruwa zuwa ɗigon ruwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi a kan harshen wuta, kuma tasirin bango yana wargaza babban adadin zafi, yana rage gudu ko dakatar da saurin ƙonewa. Gabaɗaya, rabon 3:1 ya fi dacewa da ƙwayoyin chlorine zuwa ƙarfe.
11. A cewar binciken da ake yi a yanzu, menene hanyoyin da masu hana harshen wuta ke aiki?
Amsa: ① Kayayyakin rugujewar na'urorin hana harshen wuta a yanayin zafi na konewa suna samar da wani siririn fim mai kama da gilashi mara canzawa kuma mara iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya ware kuzarin haskaka iska ko kuma yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi.
② Masu hana harshen wuta suna fuskantar ruɓewar zafi don samar da iskar gas mara ƙonewa, ta haka suna narkar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa da kuma narkar da yawan iskar oxygen a yankin ƙonewa; ③ Narkar da abubuwan hana harshen wuta da ruɓewa suna sha zafi kuma suna cinye zafi;
④ Masu hana harshen wuta suna haɓaka samuwar wani Layer na kariya daga zafi mai zurfi a saman robobi, suna hana kwararar zafi da ƙarin ƙonewa.
12. Me yasa filastik ke saurin kamuwa da wutar lantarki yayin sarrafawa ko amfani da shi?
Amsa: Saboda cewa sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin halitta na babban polymer galibi sun ƙunshi haɗin covalent, ba za su iya yin ionize ko canja wurin electrons ba. A lokacin sarrafawa da amfani da samfuransa, idan ya haɗu da gogayya da wasu abubuwa ko kansa, yana yin caji saboda samun ko asarar electrons, kuma yana da wuya a ɓace ta hanyar watsawa kai tsaye.
13. Menene halayen tsarin kwayoyin halitta na magungunan hana sa maye?
Amsa: RYX R: ƙungiyar oleophilic, Y: ƙungiyar linker, X: ƙungiyar hydrophilic. A cikin ƙwayoyin halittarsu, ya kamata a sami daidaito mai dacewa tsakanin ƙungiyar oleophilic mara polar da ƙungiyar hydrophilic mai polar, kuma ya kamata su sami takamaiman jituwa da kayan polymer. Ƙungiyoyin alkyl da ke sama da C12 ƙungiyoyin oleophilic ne na yau da kullun, yayin da haɗin hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, da ether ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic ne na yau da kullun.
14. A taƙaice bayyana yadda ake amfani da magungunan anti-static.
Amsa: Da farko, magungunan hana tsatsa suna samar da wani fim mai ci gaba da sarrafa abubuwa a saman kayan, wanda zai iya ba saman samfurin wani matakin hygroscopicity da ionization, ta haka rage juriyar saman kuma yana sa cajin tsayayyen da aka samar ya zube da sauri, don cimma manufar hana tsatsa; Na biyu shine a bai wa saman kayan wani matakin man shafawa, rage yawan gogayya, don haka a danne da rage samar da caji tsayayye.
① Ana amfani da magungunan hana tsatsa na waje gabaɗaya azaman masu narkewa ko masu wargazawa tare da ruwa, barasa, ko wasu abubuwan narkewa na halitta. Lokacin amfani da magungunan hana tsatsa don sanya kayan polymer a cikin ciki, ɓangaren hydrophilic na maganin hana tsatsa yana sha sosai a saman kayan, kuma ɓangaren hydrophilic yana sha ruwa daga iska, ta haka yana samar da Layer mai sarrafawa akan saman kayan, wanda ke taka rawa wajen kawar da wutar lantarki mai tsatsa;
② Ana haɗa wakili na ciki na anti-static a cikin matrix na polymer yayin sarrafa filastik, sannan ya yi ƙaura zuwa saman polymer don yin rawar anti-static;
③ Wakili mai hana tsatsa na polymer wanda aka haɗa shi da sinadarin polymer hanya ce ta haɗa sinadarai masu hana tsatsa na hydrophilic cikin polymer don samar da hanyoyin sarrafawa waɗanda ke gudanarwa da kuma fitar da caji mai tsauri.
15. Waɗanne canje-canje ne galibi ke faruwa a cikin tsari da halayen roba bayan an yi amfani da shi wajen cire ƙura?
Amsa: ① Robar da aka yi wa vulcanized ta canza daga tsarin layi zuwa tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai girma uku; ② Dumama ba ta ƙara gudana ba; ③ Ba ta sake narkewa a cikin ingantaccen sinadarin da ke narkewa; ④ Ingantaccen tsarin aiki da tauri; ⑤ Ingantaccen halayen injiniya; ⑥ Inganta juriyar tsufa da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai; ⑦ Aikin matsakaici na iya raguwa.
16. Menene bambanci tsakanin sulfur sulfide da sulfur mai bayarwa?
Amsa: ① Rushewar sinadarin sulfur: Rufewar sinadarin sulfur da yawa, juriyar zafi, rashin juriyar tsufa, sassauci mai kyau, da kuma babban nakasu na dindindin; ② Mai ba da sinadarin sulfur: Rufewar sinadarin sulfur da yawa, juriyar zafi mai kyau da juriyar tsufa.
17. Me mai haɓaka vulcanization ke yi?
Amsa: Inganta ingancin samar da kayayyakin roba, rage farashi, da kuma inganta aiki. Abubuwa da za su iya haɓaka vulcanization. Yana iya rage lokacin vulcanization, rage zafin vulcanization, rage adadin maganin vulcanizing, da kuma inganta halayen zahiri da na inji na roba.
18. Abin da ke haifar da ƙonewa: yana nufin abin da ke haifar da fashewar kayan roba da wuri yayin sarrafawa.
19. A taƙaice bayyana aikin da manyan nau'ikan magungunan vulcanizing
Amsa: Aikin mai kunna shine haɓaka aikin mai kunna, rage yawan adadin mai kunna, da kuma rage lokacin yin amfani da mai kunna.
Active agent: wani abu ne da zai iya ƙara yawan ayyukan accelerators na halitta, wanda ke ba su damar yin cikakken amfani da shi, ta haka ne rage yawan accelerators da ake amfani da su ko kuma rage lokacin vulcanization. Ana raba agents masu aiki zuwa rukuni biyu: inorganic active agents da organic active agents. Inorganic surfactants galibi sun haɗa da ƙarfe oxides, hydroxides, da basic carbonates; Organic surfactants galibi sun haɗa da fatty acids, amines, sabulu, polyols, da amino alcohols. Ƙara ƙaramin adadin activator zuwa robar na iya inganta matakin vulcanization.
1) Abubuwan da ba su da sinadarai masu aiki: galibi ƙarfe oxides;
2) Sinadaran aiki na halitta: galibi fatty acids.
Hankali: ① Ana iya amfani da ZnO a matsayin maganin ƙarfe mai hana ƙura don haɗa robar da aka yi da halogen; ② ZnO na iya inganta juriyar zafi na robar da aka yi da ƙura.
20. Menene tasirin bayan-bayan-bayan na'urorin haɓaka hanzari kuma waɗanne nau'ikan na'urorin haɓaka gudu ne ke da kyakkyawan tasirin bayan-bayan?
Amsa: A ƙasa da zafin vulcanization, ba zai haifar da vulcanization da wuri ba. Idan aka kai zafin vulcanization, aikin vulcanization yana da yawa, kuma wannan siffa ana kiranta da tasirin bayan accelerator. Sulfonamides suna da kyakkyawan tasirin bayan.
21. Ma'anar man shafawa da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin man shafawa na ciki da na waje?
Amsa: Man shafawa - wani ƙari wanda zai iya inganta gogayya da mannewa tsakanin ƙwayoyin filastik da kuma tsakanin narkewar da saman ƙarfe na kayan aikin sarrafawa, ƙara yawan ruwan resin, cimma lokacin daidaitawa na plasticization na resin, da kuma ci gaba da samarwa, ana kiransa man shafawa.
Man shafawa na waje na iya ƙara yawan man shafawa na saman filastik yayin sarrafawa, rage ƙarfin mannewa tsakanin saman filastik da ƙarfe, da kuma rage ƙarfin yankewa na injiniya, ta haka ne za a cimma burin sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi ba tare da lalata halayen filastik ba. Man shafawa na ciki na iya rage gogayya ta ciki na polymers, ƙara yawan narkewa da narkewar robobi, rage ɗanko na narkewa, da kuma inganta aikin plasticization.
Bambanci tsakanin man shafawa na ciki da na waje: Man shafawa na ciki yana buƙatar kyakkyawan jituwa da polymers, rage gogayya tsakanin sarƙoƙin kwayoyin halitta, da kuma inganta aikin kwarara; Kuma man shafawa na waje yana buƙatar wani matakin dacewa da polymers don rage gogayya tsakanin polymers da saman injina.
22. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke tantance girman tasirin ƙarfafa abubuwan cikawa?
Amsa: Girman tasirin ƙarfafawa ya dogara ne akan babban tsarin filastik ɗin da kansa, adadin ƙwayoyin cikawa, takamaiman yankin saman da girmansa, aikin saman, girman ƙwayoyin da rarrabawa, tsarin lokaci, da kuma tarawa da watsawar ƙwayoyin a cikin ƙwayoyin polymer. Mafi mahimmanci shine hulɗar da ke tsakanin mai cikawa da layin haɗin gwiwa da sarƙoƙin polymer polymer suka samar, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarfin jiki ko na sinadarai da saman ƙwayoyin ke yi akan sarƙoƙin polymer, da kuma yadda ake haɗa sarƙoƙi da kuma yadda ake daidaita sarƙoƙin polymer a cikin layin haɗin gwiwa.
23. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke shafar ƙarfin robobi masu ƙarfi?
Amsa: ① An zaɓi ƙarfin wakilin ƙarfafawa don biyan buƙatun; ② Ana iya cika ƙarfin polymers na asali ta hanyar zaɓi da gyaran polymers; ③ Haɗin saman tsakanin masu yin filastik da polymers na asali; ④ Kayan ƙungiya don kayan ƙarfafawa.
24. Menene wakilin haɗin gwiwa, halayen tsarin kwayoyin halittarsa, da kuma misali don nuna tsarin aiki.
Amsa: Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa suna nufin wani nau'in abu wanda zai iya inganta halayen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin abubuwan cikawa da kayan polymer.
Akwai nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin aiki guda biyu a cikin tsarin ƙwayoyin halittarsa: mutum zai iya fuskantar halayen sinadarai tare da matrix na polymer ko aƙalla yana da kyakkyawan jituwa; Wani nau'in kuma zai iya samar da haɗin sinadarai tare da abubuwan cikawa marasa tsari. Misali, wakilin haɗin silane, ana iya rubuta dabarar gabaɗaya azaman RSiX3, inda R ƙungiya ce mai aiki tare da kusanci da amsawa tare da ƙwayoyin polymer, kamar su vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, da ƙungiyoyin thiol. X ƙungiya ce ta alkoxy wacce za a iya hydrolyzed, kamar methoxy, ethoxy, da sauransu.
25. Menene sinadarin kumfa?
Amsa: Maganin kumfa wani nau'in abu ne da zai iya samar da tsarin roba ko filastik mai ƙananan ramuka a cikin yanayin ruwa ko filastik a cikin wani takamaiman kewayon danko.
Maganin kumfa na zahiri: wani nau'in mahaɗi wanda ke cimma burin kumfa ta hanyar dogaro da canje-canje a yanayin jikinsa yayin aikin kumfa;
Maganin kumfa mai sinadarai: A wani zafin jiki, zai ruɓe ta hanyar zafi don samar da iskar gas ɗaya ko fiye, wanda ke haifar da kumfa mai polymer.
26. Menene halayen sinadarai marasa tsari da sinadarai na halitta a cikin ruɓewar sinadaran kumfa?
Amsa: Amfani da rashin amfani da sinadaran kumfa na halitta: ① kyakkyawan watsewa a cikin polymers; ② Yanayin zafin ruɓewa yana da kunkuntar kuma mai sauƙin sarrafawa; ③ Iskar N2 da aka samar baya ƙonewa, fashewa, ruwa cikin sauƙi, yana da ƙarancin yaduwar kumfa, kuma ba shi da sauƙin fita daga kumfa, wanda ke haifar da babban ƙimar rigar; ④ Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da ƙananan ramuka na kumfa; ⑤ Akwai nau'ikan iri da yawa; ⑥ Bayan kumfa, akwai ragowar da yawa, wani lokacin har zuwa 70% -85%. Waɗannan ragowar na iya haifar da wari, gurɓata kayan polymer, ko haifar da yanayin sanyi a saman; ⑦ Yayin ruɓewa, gabaɗaya amsawar exothermic ce. Idan zafin rugujewar sinadarin kumfa da aka yi amfani da shi ya yi yawa, yana iya haifar da babban canjin zafin jiki a ciki da wajen tsarin kumfa yayin aikin kumfa, wani lokacin yana haifar da babban zafin ciki da lalata halayen zahiri da sinadarai na polymer. Sinadaran kumfa na halitta galibi kayan da ke iya kamawa da wuta ne, kuma ya kamata a mai da hankali kan rigakafin gobara yayin ajiya da amfani.
27. Menene babban rukuni na launi?
Amsa: Tarin abubuwa ne da aka yi ta hanyar ɗora launuka masu ƙarfi ko rini a cikin resin; Abubuwan asali: launuka ko rini, masu ɗaukar kaya, masu wargazawa, ƙari; Aiki: ① Yana da amfani don kiyaye daidaiton sinadarai da daidaiton launi na pigments; ② Inganta wargazawar pigments a cikin robobi; ③ Kare lafiyar masu aiki; ④ Sauƙin tsari da sauƙin canza launi; ⑤ Muhalli yana da tsabta kuma baya gurɓata kayan aiki; ⑥ Ajiye lokaci da kayan aiki.
28. Me ake nufi da ikon launi?
Amsa: Ikon masu launi ne su shafi launin dukkan cakuda da launinsu; Lokacin da ake amfani da masu launi a cikin kayayyakin filastik, ikon rufe su yana nufin ikonsu na hana haske shiga samfurin.
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-11-2024