1. Menene apolymertaimakon sarrafawa? Menene aikinsa?
Amsa: Additives sune nau'ikan sinadarai na taimako daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarawa zuwa wasu kayayyaki da samfuran a cikin samarwa ko tsarin sarrafawa don haɓaka ayyukan samarwa da haɓaka aikin samfur. A cikin aikin sarrafa resins da danyen roba zuwa cikin robobi da kayayyakin roba, ana bukatar wasu sinadarai na taimako.
Aiki: ① Inganta aikin aiwatar da polymers, inganta yanayin aiki, da ƙaddamar da ingantaccen aiki; ② Inganta aikin samfuran, haɓaka ƙimar su da tsawon rayuwarsu.
2.What ne jituwa tsakanin Additives da polymers? Menene ma'anar fesa da gumi?
Amsa: Fesa polymerization - hazo na m additives; Sweating - da hazo na ruwa Additives.
Daidaituwa tsakanin additives da polymers yana nufin ikon additives da polymers don haɗawa tare na dogon lokaci ba tare da samar da rabuwa da hazo ba;
3.Menene aikin filastik?
Amsa: Raunata haɗin biyu tsakanin ƙwayoyin polymer, wanda aka sani da sojojin van der Waals, yana ƙara motsi na sarƙoƙi na polymer kuma yana rage kristal ɗin su.
4.Me yasa polystyrene yana da mafi kyawun juriya na iskar shaka fiye da polypropylene?
Amsa: An maye gurbin rashin kwanciyar hankali H da babban rukuni na phenyl, kuma dalilin da yasa PS ba ta da saurin tsufa shine zoben benzene yana da tasirin kariya akan H; PP ya ƙunshi hydrogen na uku kuma yana da saurin tsufa.
5.What are the dalilan da PVC ta m dumama?
Amsa: ① Tsarin sarkar kwayoyin halitta ya ƙunshi ragowar masu farawa da allyl chloride, waɗanda ke kunna ƙungiyoyi masu aiki. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe biyu haɗin gwiwa yana rage kwanciyar hankali na thermal; ② Tasirin iskar oxygen yana hanzarta kawar da HCL yayin lalatawar thermal na PVC; ③ The HCl samar da dauki yana da catalytic sakamako a kan lalatar PVC; ④ Tasirin ƙwayar filastik.
6. Dangane da sakamakon bincike na yanzu, menene manyan ayyuka na masu daidaita zafi?
Amsa: ① Sha da kuma neutralize HCL, hana ta atomatik catalytic sakamako; ② Maye gurbin allyl chloride atom a cikin kwayoyin PVC don hana hakar HCl; ③ Haɓaka haɓakawa tare da tsarin polyene suna rushe haɓakar manyan tsarin haɗin gwiwa da rage launi; ④ Ɗauki radicals kyauta kuma hana halayen iskar shaka; ⑤ Neutralization ko passivation na karfe ions ko wasu abubuwa masu cutarwa da ke haifar da lalacewa; ⑥ Yana da kariya, kariya, da raunana tasiri akan radiation ultraviolet.
7.Me yasa radiation ultraviolet shine mafi lalata ga polymers?
Amsa: Raƙuman ruwa na ultraviolet suna da tsayi da ƙarfi, suna karya mafi yawan haɗin sinadarai na polymer.
8. Wane nau'in tsarin haɗin kai ne mai kare harshen wuta na cikinsa, kuma menene ainihin ƙa'idarsa da aikinsa?
Amsa: Matsalolin harshen wuta suna cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar nitrogen na phosphorus.
Mechanism: Lokacin da aka yi zafi da polymer ɗin da ke ɗauke da wutar, za a iya samar da wani nau'in kumfa na carbon a samansa. Layer yana da kyakkyawan jinkirin harshen wuta saboda yanayin zafi, keɓewar iskar oxygen, hana hayaki da rigakafin drip.
9. Menene ma'anar iskar oxygen, kuma menene dangantakar dake tsakanin girman iskar oxygen da jinkirin harshen wuta?
Amsa: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, inda O2 shine adadin iskar oxygen; N2: Yawan kwararar Nitrogen. Ma'anar iskar oxygen tana nufin mafi ƙarancin adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata a cikin cakuda iskar iskar oxygen lokacin da wani samfurin ƙayyadaddun bayanai zai iya ci gaba da ƙonewa kamar kyandir. OI <21 yana da ƙonewa, OI yana da 22-25 tare da kaddarorin kashe kansa, 26-27 yana da wahalar ƙonewa, kuma sama da 28 yana da matukar wahala a kunna wuta.
10.Ta yaya tsarin antimony halide flame retardant tsarin ke nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa?
Amsa: An fi amfani da Sb2O3 don maganin antimony, yayin da ake amfani da halides na kwayoyin halitta. Ana amfani da Sb2O3/na'ura tare da halides musamman saboda mu'amalarta da hydrogen halide da halides ke fitarwa.
Kuma samfurin yana bazuwa cikin zafin jiki zuwa SbCl3, wanda shine iskar gas mai sauƙi tare da ƙaramin tafasa. Wannan iskar gas yana da girman dangi kuma yana iya zama a cikin yankin konewa na dogon lokaci don lalata iskar gas mai ƙonewa, keɓe iska, da kuma taka rawa wajen toshe olefins; Abu na biyu, yana iya kama radicals masu ƙonewa don kashe wuta. Bugu da kari, SbCl3 yana murƙushewa cikin ɗigon ruwa kamar ƙaƙƙarfan barbashi akan harshen wuta, kuma tasirin bangon sa yana watsa zafi mai yawa, yana raguwa ko dakatar da saurin konewa. Gabaɗaya magana, rabon 3:1 ya fi dacewa da chlorine zuwa atom ɗin ƙarfe.
11. Bisa ga binciken da ake yi yanzu, menene hanyoyin aiwatar da ayyukan masu kare wuta?
Amsa: ① The bazuwar kayayyakin na harshen wuta retardants a konewa zafin jiki samar da wani mara maras tabbas da kuma mara oxidizing gilashin bakin ciki fim, wanda zai iya ware iska tunani makamashi ko da low thermal watsin.
② Masu ɗaukar wuta suna jurewa bazuwar thermal don samar da iskar gas ɗin da ba za a iya konewa ba, ta haka ne ke lalata iskar gas mai ƙonewa da diluting ƙwayar iskar oxygen a cikin yankin konewa; ③ Narkar da rugujewar abubuwan da ke hana wuta ta sha zafi da cinye zafi;
④ Masu ɗaukar wuta suna haɓaka haɓakar ƙirar ƙirar thermal mai ƙyalli akan saman robobi, hana haɓakar zafi da ƙarin konewa.
12.Me ya sa filastik ke da haɗari ga wutar lantarki a lokacin aiki ko amfani?
Amsa: Saboda gaskiyar cewa sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta na babban polymer galibi sun ƙunshi covalent bonds, ba za su iya yin ionize ko canja wurin electrons ba. A lokacin sarrafawa da amfani da kayayyakinsa, idan ya hadu da rikici da wasu abubuwa ko kuma ita kanta, sai ya zama ana caje shi saboda riba ko asarar na’urorin lantarki, da wuya ya bace ta hanyar sarrafa kansa.
13. Menene halaye na tsarin kwayoyin halitta na antistatic jamiái?
Amsa: RYX R: ƙungiyar oleophilic, Y: ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa, X: ƙungiyar hydrophilic. A cikin kwayoyin su, ya kamata a sami ma'auni mai dacewa tsakanin rukunin oleophilic da ba na polar ba da kuma ƙungiyar hydrophilic polar, kuma ya kamata su sami wani daidaituwa tare da kayan polymer. Ƙungiyoyin Alkyl sama da C12 sune ƙungiyoyin oleophilic, yayin da hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, da ether bonds sune ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic.
14. A taƙaice kwatanta tsarin aikin anti-static agents.
Amsa: Da fari dai, anti-static jamiái samar da wani conductive ci gaba da fim a saman na kayan, wanda zai iya ba da surface na samfurin da wani mataki na hygroscopicity da ionization, game da shi rage surface resistivity da kuma haifar da generated a tsaye zargin da sauri. leak, don cimma manufar anti-static; Na biyu shi ne baiwa saman kayan da wani madaidaicin madaidaicin sa, rage juzu'i, don haka murkushewa da rage ƙirƙira na caji.
① Ana amfani da magungunan anti-static na waje gabaɗaya azaman masu kaushi ko masu tarwatsa ruwa, barasa, ko sauran abubuwan kaushi. Lokacin amfani da ma'aikatan anti-static don haɓaka kayan polymer, ɓangaren hydrophilic na anti-static wakili yana adsorbs a saman kayan, kuma ɓangaren hydrophilic yana sha ruwa daga iska, ta haka ne ya samar da wani yanki mai ɗaukar hoto a saman kayan. , wanda ke taka rawa wajen kawar da wutar lantarki a tsaye;
② Wakilin anti-static na ciki yana haɗuwa a cikin matrix na polymer yayin aikin filastik, sa'an nan kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa saman polymer don taka rawar anti-static;
③ Polymer blended dindindin anti-static agent wata hanya ce ta haɗa nau'ikan polymers iri ɗaya zuwa polymer don samar da tashoshi masu gudanarwa waɗanda ke gudanarwa da sakin caji.
15.What canje-canje yawanci faruwa a cikin tsari da kuma kaddarorin roba bayan vulcanization?
Amsa: ① Rubber mai lalacewa ya canza daga tsarin layi zuwa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku; ② dumama baya gudana; ③ Ba mai narkewa a cikin kyakkyawan ƙarfi; ④ Ingantaccen haɓakawa da taurin; ⑤ Ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya; ⑥ Ingantaccen juriya na tsufa da kwanciyar hankali; ⑦ Ayyukan matsakaici na iya raguwa.
16. Menene bambanci tsakanin sulfur sulfide da sulfur donor sulfide?
Amsa: ① Sulfur vulcanization: Multiple sulfur bonds, zafi juriya, matalauta tsufa juriya, mai kyau sassauci, da kuma babban dindindin nakasawa; ② Sulfur mai ba da gudummawa: Haɗin sulfur guda ɗaya, kyakkyawan juriya na zafi da juriya na tsufa.
17. Menene mai tallata vulcanization yake yi?
Amsa: Haɓaka haɓakar samar da samfuran roba, rage farashi, da haɓaka aiki. Abubuwan da zasu iya inganta vulcanization. Yana iya rage lokacin vulcanization, rage zafin vulcanization, rage adadin vulcanizing wakili, da inganta jiki da na inji na roba.
18. Burn al'amari: yana nufin abin da ya faru na farkon vulcanization na roba kayan a lokacin sarrafa.
19. A taƙaice bayyana aiki da manyan nau'ikan abubuwan da ba a iya gani ba
Amsa: Ayyukan mai kunnawa shine haɓaka aikin na'urar, rage yawan adadin na'urar, da rage lokacin vulcanization.
Wakili mai aiki: wani abu ne wanda zai iya ƙara yawan ayyukan haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, yana ba su damar yin cikakken amfani da tasirin su, ta haka ne ke rage adadin na'urorin da ake amfani da su ko rage lokacin ɓarna. Ma'aikata masu aiki gabaɗaya sun kasu kashi biyu: inorganic active agents da Organic active agents. Inorganic surfactants yafi sun hada da karfe oxides, hydroxides, da asali carbonates; Abubuwan surfactants na halitta sun haɗa da fatty acid, amines, sabulu, polyols, da amino alcohols. Ƙara ƙaramin adadin mai kunnawa zuwa fili na roba na iya inganta matakin vulcanization.
1) Inorganic aiki jamiái: yafi karfe oxides;
2) Organic aiki jamiái: yafi m acid.
Hankali: ① ZnO za a iya amfani da shi azaman karfe vulcanizing wakili zuwa crosslink halogenated roba; ② ZnO na iya inganta juriyar zafi na roba mai ɓarna.
20.What are post effects na accelerators da abin da iri accelerators da kyau post effects?
Amsa: Ƙarƙashin zafin jiki, ba zai haifar da vulcanization da wuri ba. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai ga vulcanization, aikin vulcanization yana da girma, kuma ana kiran wannan kadarorin bayan sakamako na accelerator. Sulfonamides suna da sakamako mai kyau bayan sakamako.
21. Ma'anar man shafawa da bambance-bambance tsakanin man shafawa na ciki da na waje?
Amsa: Man shafawa - wani ƙari wanda zai iya inganta juzu'i da mannewa tsakanin barbashi filastik da tsakanin narke da saman ƙarfe na kayan aiki, ƙara yawan ruwa na guduro, cimma daidaitaccen lokacin filastik guduro, da kuma kula da ci gaba da samarwa, ana kiransa mai mai.
Man shafawa na waje na iya ƙara daɗaɗɗen filayen filastik yayin sarrafawa, rage ƙarfin mannewa tsakanin filayen filastik da ƙarfe, da rage ƙarfin juzu'i na inji, ta yadda za a cimma burin sarrafa mafi sauƙi ba tare da lalata kaddarorin robobi ba. Man shafawa na ciki na iya rage gogayya ta ciki na polymers, ƙara yawan narkewa da narke nakasar robobi, rage narkewar danko, da haɓaka aikin filastik.
Bambanci tsakanin man shafawa na ciki da na waje: Abubuwan shafawa na ciki suna buƙatar dacewa mai kyau tare da polymers, rage rikici tsakanin sassan kwayoyin halitta, da inganta aikin gudana; Kuma man shafawa na waje suna buƙatar takamaiman matakin dacewa tare da polymers don rage juzu'i tsakanin polymers da saman injinan.
22. Menene abubuwan da ke ƙayyade girman tasirin ƙarfafa filaye?
Amsa: Girman tasirin ƙarfafawa ya dogara da babban tsarin filastik kanta, adadin ƙwayoyin filler, ƙayyadaddun yanki da girman girman, aikin da aka yi, girman nau'i da rarrabawa, tsarin lokaci, da tarawa da watsawa na barbashi a ciki. polymers. Mafi mahimmancin al'amari shine hulɗar da ke tsakanin filler da ƙirar ƙirar da aka kafa ta hanyar sarƙoƙi na polymer, wanda ya haɗa da duka ƙarfin jiki ko na sinadarai da aka yi ta hanyar barbashi a kan sarƙoƙi na polymer, kazalika da crystallization da daidaitawa na sarƙoƙin polymer. a cikin interface Layer.
23. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke shafar ƙarfin ƙarfafa robobi?
Amsa: ① An zaɓi ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfafawa don biyan buƙatun; ② Za'a iya saduwa da ƙarfin mahimmanci na polymers ta hanyar zaɓi da gyare-gyare na polymers; ③ A surface bonding tsakanin plasticizers da asali polymers; ④ Kayan aiki don ƙarfafa kayan aiki.
24. Menene wakili mai haɗawa, halayen tsarin kwayoyin halitta, da misali don kwatanta tsarin aiki.
Amsa: Ma'aikatan haɗin gwiwa suna nufin wani nau'in abu wanda zai iya inganta kayan haɗin kai tsakanin filaye da kayan polymer.
Akwai nau'o'i nau'i biyu na ƙungiyoyi masu aiki a cikin tsarin kwayoyin halitta: wanda zai iya fuskantar halayen sinadarai tare da matrix polymer ko aƙalla yana da dacewa mai kyau; Wani nau'in kuma na iya samar da haɗin sinadarai tare da filaye na inorganic. Misali, wakili na haɗin gwiwar silane, ana iya rubuta tsarin gabaɗaya azaman RSiX3, inda R ƙungiya ce mai aiki mai aiki tare da alaƙa da haɓakawa tare da ƙwayoyin polymer, irin su vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, da ƙungiyoyin thiol. X rukuni ne na alkoxy wanda za'a iya sanya ruwa, kamar methoxy, ethoxy, da dai sauransu.
25. Menene wakili na kumfa?
Amsa: Wakilin kumfa wani nau'in sinadari ne wanda zai iya samar da wani microporous tsarin roba ko robobi a cikin wani ruwa ko robobi a cikin wani yanki na danko.
Wakilin kumfa ta jiki: nau'in fili wanda ke cimma burin kumfa ta hanyar dogaro da canje-canje a yanayin yanayinsa yayin aikin kumfa;
Maganin kumfa na sinadari: A wani yanayin zafi, zai rugujewa da zafi don samar da iskar gas ɗaya ko fiye, yana haifar da kumfa na polymer.
26. Menene halaye na inorganic sunadarai da kwayoyin sunadarai a cikin bazuwar jami'an kumfa?
Amsa: Abũbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani da kwayoyin kumfa: ① mai kyau dispersibility a cikin polymers; ② Yanayin zafin jiki na lalacewa yana da kunkuntar kuma mai sauƙin sarrafawa; ③ Gas din N2 da aka samar ba ya konewa, ba ya fashe, ya yi ruwa cikin sauki, yana da karancin yadawa, kuma ba shi da saukin tserewa daga kumfa, yana haifar da yawan riga; ④ Ƙananan barbashi suna haifar da ƙananan pores na kumfa; ⑤ Akwai iri da yawa; ⑥ Bayan kumfa, akwai saura da yawa, wani lokacin har zuwa 70% -85%. Wadannan ragowar na iya haifar da wari a wasu lokuta, gurɓata kayan polymer, ko haifar da yanayin sanyi; ⑦ A lokacin bazuwar, gabaɗaya wani abu ne na exothermic. Idan zafin da ake amfani da shi na bazuwar da ake amfani da shi ya yi yawa, zai iya haifar da babban zafin jiki a ciki da wajen tsarin kumfa yayin aikin kumfa, wani lokacin yana haifar da matsanancin zafin jiki na ciki da lalata kaddarorin jiki da sinadarai na polymer Organic foaming agents. galibi kayan wuta ne, kuma ya kamata a mai da hankali kan rigakafin gobara yayin ajiya da amfani.
27. Menene masterbatch launi?
Amsa: Jima'i ne da aka yi ta hanyar ɗora manyan rini ko rini a cikin wani resin. Abubuwan asali: pigments ko rini, masu ɗaukar kaya, masu rarrabawa, ƙari; Aiki: ① Amfani don kiyaye zaman lafiyar sinadarai da kwanciyar hankali na launi na pigments; ② Inganta watsawar pigments a cikin robobi; ③ Kare lafiyar masu aiki; ④ Sauƙaƙan tsari da sauƙin canza launi; ⑤ Yanayin yana da tsabta kuma baya gurɓata kayan aiki; ⑥ Ajiye lokaci da albarkatun ƙasa.
28. Menene ikon canza launi yake nufi?
Amsa: Yana da ikon masu launi don rinjayar launi na dukan cakuda tare da nasu launi; Lokacin da ake amfani da masu canza launi a cikin samfuran filastik, ikon rufe su yana nufin ikon su na hana haske shiga cikin samfurin.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-11-2024